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The placental membrane is a newly formed extracellular matrix produced during pregnancy. In this role, the membranes play a critical role in cushioning and forming a protective barrier around the developing fetus. Further, the placental membrane acts as a filter for water, soluble materials and bioactive molecules present in the amniotic fluid.
Placental membrane products have been shown to be immune privileged due to a significant decrease in Major Histocompatibility Complex and Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA).
The placental membrane extracellular matrix also functions as a binding site for a number of cell signaling cytokines and growth factors including bFGF, EGF, HA, TGF-beta, IL-1, 6 & 10, PDGF, MMPs and TlMPs.
The extracellular matrix of the placental membranes also acts as a substrate for host cell attachment and proliferation.